How To Extract Natural Camphor

2023-06-16

Natural camphor: The main trees suitable for extracting natural camphor in China are:① Camphor tree. Also known as camphor, it is the most important tree for extracting camphor and camphor oil. In terms of the composition of camphor oil, it can be divided into 3 types: native camphor (mainly containing camphor), linalool (mainly containing linalool) and linalool (mainly containing eudesin and terpineol).Cinnamomumbodinieri.③ C. landuliferum.Camphor is refined from crude camphor. Crude camphor is usually processed in winter with more than 50 years old camphor tree trunk and roots as raw materials, cut into thin slices and distilled in wood retter, camphor and camphor oil with water vapor distillation, condensation of white crystals for crude camphor, oil liquid for camphor oil. The total rate is 2.0 to 2.5%. There are two methods for refining crude camphor: air sublimation and continuous fractionation sublimation. In China, air sublimation is the main method. The crude camphor is removed from oil and water by centrifuge first, then melted and sublimed in a sublimation pot, and the camphor vapor is introduced into the first sublimation chamber with the air blown into the top of the pot, and the cooling temperature is controlled to obtain powdery crystalline products. After entering the second and third sublimation chamber, due to the low control temperature, the water and oil content below the boiling point of camphor are condensed and crystallized here with a small amount of camphor vapor, which is the crude camphor product (more than 8% of the oil water) and needs to be refined by re-sublimation. Chinese natural refined camphor has two kinds of powder and block. Quality in line with national pharmacopoeia specifications: melting point 174 ~ 179℃, specific curl [a] +41° ~ +43° (20% in ethanol), non-volatile matter below 0.05%, water in line with 1 gram plus petroleum ether 10 ml clarification and dissolution.Process flow(1) Raw materials selected camphor tree trunk, root parts contain camphor and camphor oil 2%-4%, branches, leaves contain 1%-3%. The older the tree, the higher the content. Large pieces of bitter taste contains more camphor, spicy astringent taste contains more camphor oil. It is better to collect in autumn, when leaves have high brain content. When picking leaves, leave 16 leaves per tree, and it is advisable to choose trees that are more than 30 years old. The felled branches and roots should be cut into slices 2.5 cm wide, 1 cm thick and 10 cm long.(2) The cooker can not be made of iron, and it is better to make copper or stainless steel. The steam cooker is equipped with a wooden steamer with the same caliber as the pot. Put it over the pan. For processing, the leaves of camphor or camphor wood flakes are packed into the steaming bucket. The water in the pot is separated from the ingredients by 10 cm. After feeding, close the lid and charging port immediately, and then check the connection between the still and the cooler. If there is no air leakage, the distillation can start. The water level in the pan should be maintained during distillation to prevent drying out or scorching. The water separated from oil and water is used as return water and returned to the steamer for use.(3) The steam with camphor and camphor oil is separated by cooling and enters the multi-ring disc cooler through the airway, and the camphor and oil float on the water surface after condensation. The separated water should be transparent, and if it is not transparent, it should be separated again to improve the oil rate. Filter the camphor and camphor oil floating on the water with gauze. That is, crude camphor, and the remaining camphor oil contains most of the camphor, so it is called camphor oil.(4) When the camphor oil is extracted from camphor oil, the camphor oil is put into the still pot for secondary distillation, and the distilled liquid at 155-200 ° C is called white oil. The white oil was cooled and crystalline camphor was precipitated.
Is Camphor Good For You?

2023-06-16

Camphor powder has a variety of benefits, mainly antibacterial, antiviral, insecticidal, repellant, analgesic, hemostatic and other effects, is often used in the treatment of colds, eczema, burns, headaches, pharyngitis and other diseases of the drug. In addition, camphor can also reduce inflammation, cough, heat and detoxification, often used to treat cough, pneumonia, tuberculosis, oral ulcers and so on. Here are some of the common physical benefits: 1. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects: camphor powder can help relieve discomfort such as muscle pain, arthritis and rheumatism through topical use. It has analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties and can reduce pain and inflammation. 2. Prevent mosquito bites: camphor powder has a strong repellent effect and can be used to prevent mosquito bites. Sprinkle camphor powder on the surroundings or apply it directly to the skin to effectively repel mosquitoes. 3. Cool down: camphor powder has cooling properties and can be used in summer to help cool down. Applying camphor powder to the skin can have a cooling effect and relieve the discomfort caused by excessive body temperature. 4. Odor removal: camphor powder has a deodorizing effect and can be used to remove odors from shoes, clothing, drawers and refrigerators. Placing camphor powder in the position where it needs to remove odors can absorb odors and give off a pleasant smell. 5. Clean respiratory tract: camphor powder can be used for steam inhalation to help clean respiratory tract. Adding camphor powder to hot water to create steam and inhale slowly can relieve respiratory problems such as nasal congestion and cough. Side effects: excessive use of camphor can cause dizziness, headache, and even excessive excitement, delirium, and even epileptic convulsions, and then can cause respiratory failure leading to death, so special attention should be paid to the use of camphor under the guidance of a doctor, not unauthorized use.
History Of Nitric Acid

2023-06-09

In the 8th century AD, the Arab alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan discovered and produced nitric acid in the process of dry distillation of saltpeter, which is the earliest human record of nitric acid.In the 13th century Raymond obtained nitric acid by dry distillation of saltpeter and iron sulfate (Fe2(SO4)3).In the 15th century, Chilean saltpeter (NaNO3) was used to react with sulfuric acid to produce nitric acid. In the 17th century, German chemist Glauber mixed saltpeter with concentrated sulfuric acid (H2SO4) in a curved flask, and then produced nitric acid by collecting the steam generated by the decomposition of saltpeter. This process is named "complex decomposition nitric acid manufacturing process". This process and the Chilean saltpeter process are still used in the laboratory to produce nitric acid in small quantities.16th century: During the European Renaissance, chemical knowledge began to develop rapidly. Nitric and nitrate were studied by some early chemists. 17th century: Swedish scientist Johan Baptista van Helmont discovered some properties of nitric acid while studying nitrates. He noticed that nitrates could produce a gas by reacting with an acidic solution, and that the gas could support combustion. 18th century: Chemist Johann Rudolf Glauber and Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele further studied nitric acid. Scherer was the first to successfully extract pure nitric acid from nitrate and described its corrosive and oxidizing properties.At the end of the 18th century, Priest and Cavandisi successively completed a series of combination reactions of nitrogen and oxygen in the air by means of electric discharge, which is similar to the reaction of natural nitrogen fixation in atmospheric lightning. In 1859, the French lefebure (L.J.P.B) obtained A patent for the production of nitric acid according to this reaction, but no production was carried out, and by 1898, two Englishmen, mcdougall (A.) and Howles (F.H.), used a voltage of 8,000 V. At a frequency of 60HZ AC, 65 grams of nitric acid was synthesized per hour. In 1901, two other Englishmen, Bradley (C.S.) and Lovejoy (D.R), synthesized 88 grams of nitric acid; We want to achieve continuous production of nitric acid by electric arc process in industry. The electrode is required to produce a stable arc.19th century: In the early 19th century, the German chemist Friedrich Wohler and the Dutch chemist Justus von Liebig conducted in-depth research on the chemical properties of nitric acid, which laid the foundation for further applications.In 1913, the production of synthetic ammonia by the Haber method came out, the production of raw ammonia gas was sufficient, and the production of nitric acid by ammonia oxidation began to enter the industrial stage, which is still the main method for the production of nitric acid in the world.With the development of the metallurgical industry, the United States Dupont (Dupont) first built a 0.81MPa high-pressure nitric acid production device in 1920, and in 1959, the French GP company built the first double-pressure nitric acid production device with a scale of 160t/a in Lill20th century: With the development of the chemical industry, the production of nitric acid became more large-scale and industrial. Improved production techniques have made nitric acid an important feedstock for many important chemical and industrial processes
Uses Of Nitric Acid

2023-06-09

Uses of nitric acid: 1: FertilizerThe main industrial use of nitric acid is in the production of fertilizer. When combined with ammonia, nitric acid is a good fertilizer as ammonium nitrate. Another artificial fertilizer is calcium nitrate. These fertilizers are used on farms all over the country.2. ExplosivesNitric acid is used to make many different types of explosives, such as nitroglycerin and trinitroglycerin (TNT). These are military grade, for national defense. 3: AdhesiveNitric acid is a common ingredient in adhesives used in food packaging and cardboard. 4: MedicinalPure nitric acid is corrosive and can be used to remove warts and boils. When diluted, it can be used to treat indigestio.5. Purify the metalNitric acid can be used to purify and clean precious metals such as platinum, gold and silver. It combines with hydrochloric acid to form aqua regia, which can even dissolve gold and platinum. Precious metals are usually purified by jewelers. It can also be used to corrode metal surfaces, remove oxidation layers, clean metal materials and prepare metal salts. It can also be used to evaluate the corrosion resistance of metal materials, study corrosion mechanisms and develop anti-corrosion coatings. 6. Dye intermediatesWhen nitric acid is processed into calcium ammonium nitrate, manufacturers can use it to process many commercial dyes.7 CarveWhen nitric acid is used in combination with alcohol, it can be used to etch designs on various metals such as copper, bronze and brass. These are often used for home decor.8. Drug testingNitric acid can be used in colorimetric tests to detect the difference between heroin and morphine. It is also important in field tests that can identify LSD.9. Furniture paintNitric acid is the main component of furniture varnish. When colored pigments are added to it, it is usually used as paint. It can even give pine and maple the artificial appearance of aging.10. Laboratory useNitric acid is a key chemical for laboratory operations. It is a pH buffer, cleaner and preservative for water samples requiring metal analysis.
The New Product--Nitric Acid

2023-06-09

The company's new products hit the shelves. Nitric acid (English name: Nitric acid), is a strong oxidizing, corrosive monic inorganic acid, is one of the six inorganic strong acids, but also an important chemical raw materials, chemical formula for HNO3, molecular weight of 63.01, its aqueous solution commonly known as nitrite or ammonia water. In industry, it can be used to make chemical fertilizers, pesticides, explosives, dyes, etc. In organic chemistry, the mixture of concentrated nitric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid is an important nitrating reagent. The danger symbol is O (Oxidizing agent) and C (Corrosive corrosive agent). The anhydride of nitric acid is nitrous pentoxide (N2O5). Pure nitric acid is a colorless transparent liquid, concentrated nitric acid is a light yellow liquid (dissolved with nitrogen dioxide), under normal circumstances, it is a colorless transparent liquid, with asphyxiating irritating odor. The nitric acid content in concentrated nitric acid is about 68%, which is volatile and produces white fog in the air (the same as concentrated hydrochloric acid), which is a small drop of nitric acid formed by the combination of nitric acid vapor (generally the nitrogen dioxide decomposed from concentrated nitric acid) and water vapor. It is miscible with water. It forms an azeotrope with water. For dilute nitric acid, it is generally believed that the boundary between dilute concentration is 6mol/L, the concentration of commercially available ordinary reagent grade nitric acid is about 68%, while the concentration of industrial grade concentrated nitric acid is 98%, and the concentration of usually fuming nitric acid is about 98%. The nitric acid molecule is a planar covalent molecule, the central nitrogen atom is sp2 hybridized, and a p orbital not involved in hybridization forms a three-center four-electron bond with the two terminal oxygen [1]. The hydroxy hydrogen in nitric acid forms intramolecular hydrogen bond with the non-hydroxylated oxygen atom, which is the main reason why nitric acid is less acidic than sulfuric acid and hydrochloric acid, and the melting boiling point is lower than the first two. Under normal circumstances, nitric acid can be completely ionized in an aqueous solution, producing a large number of hydrogen ions: Nitric acid, as the highest (+5) hydrate of nitrogen, is very acidic.
Hydrofluoric Acid Production Technology

2023-06-01

Hydrofluoric acid is a colorless and highly corrosive inorganic acid widely used in fields such as chemistry, pharmaceuticals, electronics, and metallurgy. There are two main methods for producing hydrofluoric acid: the wet process and the dry process. Wet process for producing hydrofluoric acid:The main raw materials for the wet process are calcium hydroxide and hydrofluoric acid, and the reaction can be represented by the equation: Ca(OH)2 + 2HF → CaF2 + 2H2O. This reaction is typically carried out in a reaction vessel under high temperature and high pressure conditions. Calcium hydroxide and hydrofluoric acid are added to the reaction vessel, heated to the reaction temperature, and the resulting hydrofluoric acid vapor is collected after being cooled through a condenser, yielding liquid hydrofluoric acid.The advantages of the wet process include fast reaction rate and high purity of the reaction product. However, it requires high temperature and high pressure conditions, leading to higher equipment costs. Dry process for producing hydrofluoric acid: 1.Raw material preparation: The main raw materials for the dry process are hydrogen gas and fluorine gas. Hydrogen gas can be obtained through methods such as water electrolysis or catalytic cracking of natural gas. Fluorine gas is typically derived from fluorine-containing minerals. 2.Preparation of the fluorinating agent: The fluorinating agent is crucial for the production of hydrofluoric acid. Commonly used fluorinating agents include sulfuric acid and calcium fluoride (CaF2). First, sulfuric acid and calcium fluoride are mixed and reacted to generate hydrofluoric acid and precipitated calcium sulfate.CaF2 + H2SO4 -> 2 HF + CaSO4The reaction needs to be carried out at relatively low temperatures to avoid the evaporation and decomposition of hydrofluoric acid. 3.Purification of hydrofluoric acid: The generated hydrofluoric acid may contain impurities and requires purification. A commonly used purification method is to react hydrofluoric acid with concentrated sulfuric acid to remove water and other impurities, resulting in the formation of fluorosulfuric acid (HSF5).HF + H2SO4 -> HSF5 Then, through heating and distillation, pure hydrofluoric acid can be separated from the mixture.The advantages of the dry process include simpler equipment and lower costs. However, it has slower reaction rates and lower purity of the reaction product. Please note that the above is a general overview of the production processes for hydrofluoric acid. Actual production processes may vary, and specific process parameters and safety measures should be determined and followed based on practical conditions and relevant regulations. Safety considerations are crucial during the production of hydrofluoric acid, as it is highly corrosive and toxic. Operators must wear protective equipment such as goggles, gloves, and protective clothing. Regular inspection and maintenance of production equipment are also necessary to ensure safety and stability.
Development Status And Prospect Of Hydrofluoric Acid

2023-06-01

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is an inorganic acid composed of hydrogen and fluorine. Hydrofluoric acid is a dangerous chemical because of its strong corrosiveness and easy harm to human body and environment. In addition, due to the scarcity of raw material fluorite, the fluorine-containing slag in the production process is polluted and harmful to the environment, so the entry threshold of hydrofluoric acid industry is high and the production requirements are strict. It is widely used in industry in various fields, including chemical production, metal corrosion treatment, glass processing, pharmaceutical and so on. Hydrofluoric acid can be divided into industrial hydrofluoric acid and electronic hydrofluoric acid according to its purity and application. Industrial grade hydrofluoric acid is prepared from acid grade fluorite powder and sulfuric acid. Industrial grade hydrofluoric acid is strictly controlled and restricted, while electronic grade hydrofluoric acid is contrary to the trend. Regarding the development and prospects of hydrofluoric acid, the following are some important aspects: 1.Industrial applications: Hydrofluoric acid is an important catalyst and intermediate in many chemical reactions. It is used in the manufacture of fluoride compounds, such as hydrogen fluoride gases, fluorocarbons and fluoropolymers. These compounds are widely used in pharmaceutical, agriculture, plastics, synthetic fibers and other fields. 2.Metal corrosion treatment: Hydrofluoric acid can be used as a metal surface treatment agent to remove oxides and contaminants, and to purify metal surfaces. It has important applications in the manufacture of electronic devices, auto parts and other metal products. 3.Glass processing: Hydrofluoric acid is widely used in the glass industry. It can corrode the surface of glass to produce glass products of different shapes and patterns, such as acid etching, carved glass and decorative glass. 4.Pharmaceutical industry: Hydrofluoric acid is used as catalyst and solvent in the pharmaceutical industry. It can facilitate the synthesis of certain drugs and is used in the preparation of fluorine-containing compounds that are essential for the activity and stability of some drugs. Regarding the prospects of hydrofluoric acid, here are some possible trends: 5.Green chemistry: As demands for environmental protection and sustainability increase, researchers are looking for green solutions to replace traditional hydrofluoric acid. There are already environmentally friendly alternatives under development, such as inorganic salt solutions and organic acids. 6.Safety improvement: Hydrofluoric acid is a strong acid that is highly corrosive and toxic. In the future, the researchers will work on improving the safety of hydrofluoric acid, finding safer alternatives or developing more effective methods of safe operation. 7.New applications: With the development of science and technology, hydrofluoric acid may find use in new applications. Electronic grade hydrofluoric acid is mainly used in integrated circuits, liquid crystal panels and solar cell production. At present, the preparation of high purity hydrofluoric acid in the world is basically made from industrial hydrofluoric acid and anhydrous hydrofluoric acid through rough distillation, rectification, absorption, condensation, membrane filtration, filling and other sections. Electronic grade hydrofluoric acid market growth is expected to accelerate in China. 2020 global electronic grade hydrofluoric acid market scale still reach 321 million dollars, to 2027 market scale is expected to reach 476 million dollars, CAGR5.80%, and 2027 China electronic grade hydrofluoric acid market will reach 100 million dollars, CAGR8.80%, Faster than the global average.
The Development Of Hydrofluoric Acid

2023-06-01

The development of hydrofluoric acid can be traced back to the early 19th century. The following are the major development milestones of hydrofluoric acid: 1771: Swedish chemist Karl Wilhelm Scheele discovers hydrofluoric acid. He extracted hydrofluoric acid from calcium fluoride and studied its properties and reactions. 1810: French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac successfully used hydrofluoric acid to etch glass and discovered the corrosive properties of hydrofluoric acid on glass. This discovery laid the foundation for the application of glass etching and acid-etched glass. 1886: American chemist Hamilton Konich discovers the vapor pressure of hydrofluoric acid and conducts extensive research on hydrofluoric acid, including its preparation, properties and applications. In 1891, American chemist Hamilton Young Castner first prepared hydrofluoric acid, but because of its extremely corrosive and toxic, has not been widely used. In 1907, American chemists Humphrey and Moore (William J. Mooney) invented a new method to prepare hydrofluoric acid, that is, to prepare hydrofluoric acid by electrolyzing aluminum fluoride. This method greatly increased the yield and purity of hydrofluoric acid. Early 20th century: The industrial use of hydrofluoric acid begins to expand. It is widely used in metal corrosion treatment, glass processing and chemical production. At the same time, more and more attention has been paid to the safety and environmental impact of hydrofluoric acid. In 1928, DuPont began producing hydrofluoric acid under the trade name Freon. The production and application of polyfluorides have promoted the development of modern air conditioning refrigeration and fire protection systems. In the 1930s, polyfluorides began to be used in products such as refrigerators, air conditioners, car air conditioners and fire protection systems. Second half of the 20th century: As environmental and safety awareness grew, the search began for alternatives to hydrofluoric acid. Researchers have developed several alternatives, such as inorganic salt solutions and organic acids, to reduce the use and corrosiveness of hydrofluoric acid. Contemporary: As demands for green chemistry and sustainability increase, researchers continue to search for more environmentally friendly and safe alternatives to hydrofluoric acid. At the same time, the application of hydrofluoric acid is also expanding, such as in the pharmaceutical, electronic and new materials applications. In general, the development of hydrofluoric acid shows its importance in industry and scientific research. However, with the increasing requirement of environment and safety, the research and development of hydrofluoric acid substitutes are becoming more and more important.
The Difference Between Borneol And Camphor

2023-05-24

Borneol and camphor are both aromatic opening-body drugs. Although there are some similarities between the two, there are still some differences.Production process: Natural borneol is a dry crystal obtained after processing and refining the branches and leaves of camphor tree. Artificial bornol is purified from turpentine through a series of chemical processes. The effective composition of artificial bornol is less than that of natural bornol, and the yield and price are cheaper. Camphor is a granular substance distilled from the roots and branches of camphor, which is different from that of borneolBorneol is colorless transparent or white translucent flake brittle crystal. Fragrance, no camphor pungent smell. The taste is hot and cold. Camphor for snow - white crystalline powder, or colorless transparent hard block. Aromatic, with a strong and pungent smell of camphor. Spicy at first, cool at last.Borneol is more expensive and camphor is cheaper.Composition: Borneol is mainly composed of borneol, which mainly includes terpenoids such as brain fat, camphor and pine brain. Camphor powder is mainly composed of camphor, which is a single compound named pinene-2-alcohol.Efficacy: natural borneol and artificial borneol effect is the same, with the effect of opening the body and waking up the spirit, clearing heat and relieving pain, clinical mainly used for the treatment of heat and pericardium caused by delirium, loss of appetite, consciousness disorders, but also can treat Qi stagnation heart caused by chest pain, stroke phlegm, chest qi short symptoms. In addition, can also treat eye red swelling pain, oral ulcer and other diseases, external use can also play a role in eliminating skin congestion effect. Camphor has the function of detumescence and pain relief, used to treat fever dizziness, eye red swelling pain, but also can play the role of insect repellent and insecticidal antipruritic.Usage: Borneol is widely used in traditional Chinese medicine, with analgesic, sedative, expectorant and other effects. It is often used in topical ointment, patch and oral medicine. Camphor powder also has many uses in medicine and daily life, such as making antiseptic, disinfectant, antipruritic ointment, cooling oil and so on. In summary, borneol and camphor powder are two different substances, although they both contain camphor components, but the source and specific chemical composition are different. In addition, their uses are different, borneol is mainly used in the field of traditional Chinese medicine, while camphor powder is widely used in many fields of medicine and daily life. So pay attention to use.
The Efficacy Of Borneol Flakes

2023-05-24

Bornol flakes is a traditional Chinese medicine, also known as bornol paste or bornol. It is usually a mixture of borneol and borneol, with special aroma and pharmacological effects. Here are some possible effects of borneol: Analgesic action: Borneol flakesis widely used as an analgesic. It reduces the sensation of pain by stimulating the central nervous system and altering nerve pathways. Sedative effect: Borneol flakes has a calming and calming effect and can help relieve problems such as anxiety, tension and insomnia. Waking up: Borneol flakes taste hard, return to the heart meridian, this product smell fragrant, spicy go channeling, avoid bad gas. Pass the nine orifices. Into the heart meridian, the heart of the Lord God, the king of the official, so it can aroma and wake up. Antipyretic action: Borneol flakes is used to lower body temperature and relieve fever symptoms. Expectorant effect: Borneol flakes is believed to have expectorant and expectorant properties in traditional Chinese medicine, which can help relieve symptoms such as cough and expectoration. Improve circulatory system: Borneol flakesis believed to promote blood circulation and improve microcirculation, reduce blood pooling and improve blood supply to local tissues. Identification and application: borneol flakes and musk, both of which are spicy, open the body and wake up the spirit, for fever dizziness, heat and stroke syndrome, the same must be used. But musk warm, its aroma go channeling force is strong, the two have a steep, slow difference. Musk also has the function of promoting blood circulation and regulating collaterals. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects: Borneol flakes is widely used in topical medicines and has antibacterial and anti-inflammatory properties that can help treat problems such as skin infections and inflammation. Bacteriostatic test, this product can inhibit the growth of Vibrio cholerae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus in vitro. It is important to note that borneol flakes is a medicinal substance and should be used according to the doctor's advice or drug instructions. Follow professional instructions for dosage and usage, and avoid excessive use. In addition, individual reactions to borneol may vary, and some people may be allergic to borneol flakes or experience side effects, so it is best to consult a doctor or pharmacist for advice before using it.

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